Your skin is the body's largest organ, with a complex structure designed to protect, regulate temperature, and sense the environment. Explore the layers and cells that make up this remarkable tissue.
Click on any layer or element to learn more
Dead skin cells (corneocytes) form a waterproof barrier. This is where spray tan color develops through the Maillard reaction.
Contains melanocytes that produce protective melanin pigment, and keratinocytes that migrate upward over ~28 days.
Collagen and elastin provide strength. Fibroblasts here are primary targets for red light therapy to boost collagen production.
Fat cells provide insulation, energy storage, and cushioning. Near-infrared light can penetrate to this depth.
Pigment-producing cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. They produce melanin in response to UV exposure, providing natural sun protection and the visible tan.
The "factories" of the dermis that produce collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. Red light therapy stimulates these cells to increase collagen production.
The predominant cells of the epidermis (95%). They produce keratin and gradually migrate from the basal layer to become the stratum corneum over ~28 days.
Fat cells in the subcutaneous layer that store energy as triglycerides, provide insulation, and cushion the body against impacts.
UV-B reaches the epidermis, triggering melanin production and vitamin D synthesis. UV-A penetrates to the dermis, contributing to tanning and photoaging.
Penetrates 2-3mm into the dermis. Absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria, stimulating ATP production and fibroblast activity.
Penetrates deepest (5-10mm+), reaching the subcutaneous layer and underlying muscles. Used for deeper tissue effects and pain relief.
